Rhinoplasty Complications and Reoperations: Systematic Review

Abstract Introduction This article is related to complications of rhinoplasty and its main causes of reoperations. Objectives The objective of this study is to perform a systematic review of literature on complications in rhinoplasty. Data Synthesis The authors conducted a survey of articles related to key terms in the literature by using three important databases within 11 years, between January 2002 and January 2013. We found 1,271 abstracts and selected 49 articles to this review. Conclusion Themain results showed that the number of primary open rhinoplasty was 7902 (89%) and 765 closed (11%) and the percentage of reoperations in primary open complete rhinoplasties was 2.73% and closed complete was 1.56%. The statistical analysis revealed a value of p = 0.071. The standardization of terms can improve the quality of scientific publications about rhinoplasty. There is no difference between primary open or closed rhinoplasty techniques in relation to reoperations.

Rhinoplasty Complications and Reoperations: Systematic Review.

Introduction This article is related to complications of rhinoplasty and its main causes of reoperations. Objectives The objective of this study is to perform a systematic review of literature on complications in rhinoplasty. Data Synthesis The authors conducted a survey of articles related to key terms in the literature by using three important databases within 11 years, between January 2002 and January 2013. We found 1,271 abstracts and selected 49 articles to this review. Conclusion The main results showed that the number of primary open rhinoplasty was 7902 (89%) and 765 closed (11%) and the percentage of reoperations in primary open complete rhinoplasties was 2.73% and closed complete was 1.56%. The statistical analysis revealed a value of p = 0.071. The standardization of terms can improve the quality of scientific publications about rhinoplasty. There is no difference between primary open or closed rhinoplasty techniques in relation to reoperations.

Setting of an endoscopic nasal reference point for surgical access to the anterior base through an anatomical study on cadavers / Definição do ponto de referência endoscópica nasal ao acesso cirúrgico à base anterior por estudo anatômico em cadáveres

Abstract Introduction: Diseases of paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, and skull base can be treated by endonasal operations using a nasal rigid endoscope. When conducting this kind of surgery, anatomical references are critical for safety. Objective: To measure the distance from the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus to the skull base, according to socio-demographic characteristics, and to detail an anatomical reference point for paranasal sinus operations and for an access to the anterior skull base, comparing anatomical variations between right and left sides, gender, height, weight, age, and ethnicity in cadavers. Methods: Measures were taken from the 90° angle (the starting point where deflection of the skull base begins to form the anterior wall of the sphenoid, also known as Δ90°) to the upper, middle, and lower points of the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus. This study used 60 cadavers aged over 17 years, and evaluated these bodies with respect to age, height, BMI, weight, gender, and ethnicity, comparing measurements of right and left sides. Results: The measurements were >1.5 cm in all cadavers and did not vary with age, height, weight, gender, and ethnicity on their right and left sides. The lack of association between the measurement from Δ90° to the upper, middle, and lower posterior walls of the maxillary sinus (categorical or quantitative) is noteworthy, considering the characteristics studied. Conclusion: The methodology defined the nasal point of reference, considering an absence of variation in the cadavers’ characteristics.

Resumo Introdução: Doenças dos seios paranasais, cavidades nasais e doenças da base do crânio podem ser tratadas com operação endonasal utilizando-se endoscópio rígido nasal. Referências anatômicas são importantes para a segurança durante a realização dessas operações. Objetivo: Medir a distância da parede posterior do seio maxilar à base anterior do crânio de acordo com características sócio-demográficas. Detalhar um ponto de referência anatômico para operações dos seios paranasais e acesso à base anterior do crânio comparando variações anatômicas entre os lados direito e esquerdo, gênero, altura, peso, idade e etnia em cadáveres. Método: Medidas do ângulo de 90º (ponto onde inicia a deflexão da base do crânio para formar a parede anterior do esfenoide, chamado de ângulo de 90º – Δ_90º) aos pontos superior, médio e inferior da parede posterior do seio maxilar. Foram utilizados 60 cadáveres com idade acima de 17 anos, e avaliados com idade, altura, peso IMC, gênero e etnia, comparando-se as medidas dos lados direito e esquerdo. Resultados: As medidas foram maiores que 1,5 cm em todos os cadáveres e não variaram com a idade, altura, peso, gênero e etnia nos lados direito e esquerdo dos cadáveres. Destaca-se falta de associação entre a medida do Δ90º à parede posterior superior; média e inferior do maxilar (categórico ou quantitativo) com as características estudadas. Conclusão: A metodologia empregada definiu o ponto de referência nasal por não variar com as características dos cadáveres.

Transsphenoidal Approach to Pituitary Adenomas: from the Microscope to the Endoscope

Objective Report the transitioning from the usage of microscope to endoscope in the transsphenoidal approach to pituitary adenomas with a main focus on technical nuances and incorporation of new surgical instruments throughout several years. Methods Between 1993 and 2015, the Skull Base team of Hospital das Clínicas of UFMG operated on 225 pituitary adenomas through a transsphenoidal approach. The study was divided into 3 groups: the first group (from 1993 to 2001) used the microscope only; the second group (from 2002 to 2004) used both the microscope and endoscope simultaneously, and the third group (from 2005 to 2015) used the endoscope only. Results There were 120 functional adenomas and 98 non-functional pituitary tumors; 7 cases could not be classified. The first two groups consisted of 50 cases, as 175 cases were operated with the endoscope only. As the transseptal moved to the endonasal route, it allowed the procedure to be performed by three or four hands, better visualization of the lateral sella, approach to the cavernous sinus and treatment of CSF leaks with a vascularized graft from the septal mucosa. The surgical instruments were adapted as the microscopic approach was switched to the endoscopic technique. Conclusion Despite the lack of literature data showing superior magnification or lighting when comparing the endoscope to the microscope, we believe the former provides greater comfort and safety in the transsphenoidal approach for the treatment of pituitary adenomas.

Objetivo Relatar a transição do microscópio ao endoscópio no acesso transesfenoidal aos adenomas hipofisários, com ênfase nas nuances técnicas, conceitos e incorporações de instrumentos cirúrgicos ao longo dos anos. Método No período de 1993 a 2015, foram operados 225 adenomas hipofisários por via transesfenoidal pelo grupo de cirurgia de base do crânio do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG. O estudo foi dividido em três etapas, de acordo com o dispositivo usado para iluminação e magnificação do campo operatório: primeira etapa (1993 a 2001), uso do microscópio; segunda etapa (2002 a 2004), uso simultâneo do microscópio e do endoscópio; terceira etapa (2005 a 2015), uso exclusivo do endoscópio. Resultados Adenomas funcionantes corresponderam a 120 casos, e os não funcionantes, a 98. Sete casos não puderam ser classificados. Cinquenta cirurgias corresponderam às duas primeiras etapas, e 175 foram realizadas exclusivamente com o endoscópio. O acesso migrou do transeptal para o endonasal, o que permitiu a cirurgia a três ou quatro mãos, melhor visualização das porções laterais da sela e abordagem do seio cavernoso, além de tratamento de fístulas com retalho pediculado de mucosa do septo. Os instrumentos cirúrgicos foram adaptados à medida que se trocou o microscópio pelo endoscópio. Conclusão Apesar de a literatura não demonstrar que um tipo de equipamento de iluminação e magnificação seja superior ao outro, acreditamos que o endoscópio nos propiciou maior conforto e segurança no tratamento dos adenomas hipofisários por via transesfenoidal.

Setting of an endoscopic nasal reference point for surgical access to the anterior base through an anatomical study on cadavers.

INTRODUCTION: Diseases of paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, and skull base can be treated by endonasal operations using a nasal rigid endoscope. When conducting this kind of surgery, anatomical references are critical for safety. OBJECTIVE: To measure the distance from the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus to the skull base, according to socio-demographic characteristics, and to detail an anatomical reference point for paranasal sinus operations and for an access to the anterior skull base, comparing anatomical variations between right and left sides, gender, height, weight, age, and ethnicity in cadavers. METHODS: Measures were taken from the 90° angle (the starting point where deflection of the skull base begins to form the anterior wall of the sphenoid, also known as Δ90°) to the upper, middle, and lower points of the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus. This study used 60 cadavers aged over 17 years, and evaluated these bodies with respect to age, height, BMI, weight, gender, and ethnicity, comparing measurements of right and left sides. RESULTS: The measurements were >1.5cm in all cadavers and did not vary with age, height, weight, gender, and ethnicity on their right and left sides. The lack of association between the measurement from Δ90° to the upper, middle, and lower posterior walls of the maxillary sinus (categorical or quantitative) is noteworthy, considering the characteristics studied. CONCLUSION: The methodology defined the nasal point of reference, considering an absence of variation in the cadavers' characteristics.

Evaluation of the improvement of quality of life with Azithromycin in the treatment of eosinophilic nasal polyposis / Avaliação da melhora da qualidade de vida com o uso de Azitromicina no tratamento da polipose nasossinusal eosinofílica

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: The Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22 (SNOT-22) is an important tool in assessing the quality of life (QoL) of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with a validated version in Brazil. The eosinophilic nasal polyposis (ENP) represents most of the cases of nasal polyposis (85-90%) and belongs to the group of chronic rhinosinusitis. It is a chronic inflammatory disease that impacts the QoL of patients, not only causing localized symptoms, but also resulting in a general malaise. The standard treatments (corticosteroids and nasal endoscopic surgery) lead to partial control of symptoms, but relapses are frequent. Macrolide acting as an immunomodulator is a promising tool for more effective control of this disease. Studies are still lacking to assess the real impact on the QoL in patients treated with macrolides. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the improvement of QL, evaluated using SNOT-22, in patients with PNSE treated with immunomodulatory dose azithromycin. METHODS: This is a paired experimental study in patients with ENP. Comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment with azithromycin was performed. Patients completed the SNOT-22 questionnaire before the start of treatment and returned for evaluation after eight weeks of treatment. Azithromycin was prescribed at a dose of 500 mg, orally, three times a week, for 8 weeks. RESULTS: SNOT-22 score decreased 20.3 points on average. There was a significant decrease in the SNOT-22 (difference greater than 14 points) in 19 patients (57.6%). There was no significant difference in improvement in SNOT in subgroups with or without asthma/aspirin intolerance. CONCLUSION: Azithromycin resulted in significant improvement of QoL, assessed by SNOT-22, in the studied population.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: O Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22 (SNOT-22) está entre os principais instrumentos na avaliação da qualidade de vida dos pacientes com rinossinusite crônica, com versão validada no Brasil. A polipose nasossinusal eosinofílica (PNSE) representa a maioria dos casos de polipose nasossinusal (85% a 90%) e pertence ao grande grupo das rinossinusites crônicas. É uma doença inflamatória crônica que impacta sobremaneira a qualidade de vida (QV) dos pacientes, não só pelos sintomas locais, mas também por resultarem em um quadro de mal-estar geral. Os tratamentos padronizados (corticosteroides e cirurgia endoscópica nasal) levam ao controle parcial dos sintomas e as recidivas são frequentes. Os macrolídeos usados como imunomoduladores são uma promissora ferramenta para um controle mais eficaz dessa doença. Ainda faltam estudos para avaliar o real impacto na QV dos pacientes tratados com macrolídeos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a melhora da QV do paciente portador de PNSE tratado com azitromicina em dose imunomoduladora baseando-se questionário SNOT-22. MÉTODO: Trata-se de estudo experimental autopareado em pacientes com PNSE. Foi realizada a comparação dos pacientes pré-tratamento e pós-tratamento com azitromicina. Os pacientes preencheram o questionário SNOT-22 antes do início do tratamento e no retorno após as oito semanas de tratamento. Foi prescrita azitromicina na dose de 500 mg, VO, três vezes por semana, durante 8 semanas. RESULTADOS: O valor do índice SNOT-22 dos pacientes reduziu 20,3 pontos, em média. Houve diminuição significativa do SNOT-22 (diferença maior que 14 pontos) em 19 pacientes (57,6%). Não houve uma diferença significativa na melhora do SNOT nos subgrupos com ou sem asma/intolerância à aspirina. CONCLUSÃO: A azitromicina resultou em melhora significativa da QV, avaliada pelo questionário SNOT-22, na população estudada.

Evaluation of the improvement of quality of life with Azithromycin in the treatment of eosinophilic nasal polyposis.

INTRODUCTION: The Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22 (SNOT-22) is an important tool in assessing the quality of life (QoL) of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with a validated version in Brazil. The eosinophilic nasal polyposis (ENP) represents most of the cases of nasal polyposis (85-90%) and belongs to the group of chronic rhinosinusitis. It is a chronic inflammatory disease that impacts the QoL of patients, not only causing localized symptoms, but also resulting in a general malaise. The standard treatments (corticosteroids and nasal endoscopic surgery) lead to partial control of symptoms, but relapses are frequent. Macrolide acting as an immunomodulator is a promising tool for more effective control of this disease. Studies are still lacking to assess the real impact on the QoL in patients treated with macrolides. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the improvement of QL, evaluated using SNOT-22, in patients with PNSE treated with immunomodulatory dose azithromycin. METHODS: This is a paired experimental study in patients with ENP. Comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment with azithromycin was performed. Patients completed the SNOT-22 questionnaire before the start of treatment and returned for evaluation after eight weeks of treatment. Azithromycin was prescribed at a dose of 500 mg, orally, three times a week, for 8 weeks. RESULTS: SNOT-22 score decreased 20.3 points on average. There was a significant decrease in the SNOT-22 (difference greater than 14 points) in 19 patients (57.6%). There was no significant difference in improvement in SNOT in subgroups with or without asthma/aspirin intolerance. CONCLUSION: Azithromycin resulted in significant improvement of QoL, assessed by SNOT-22, in the studied population.

Chemical and cytological analysis of cerebral spinal fluid after intrathecal injection of hypodense fluorescein / Análise química e citológica do líquor após injeção intratecal de solução hipodensa de fluoresceína

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Intrathecal fluorescein has been effective for topographic diagnosis of rhinoliquorrhea. Nonetheless, there are no reports on the study of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) after use of intrathecal fluorescein. OBJECTIVE: A prospective study attempting to evaluate CSF through chemical and cytological analysis, after injection of fluorescein. METHODS: Prospective analysis of 24 samples of CSF after intrathecal injection of fluorescein for topographic diagnosis of CSF fistulae, collected at the time of puncture and after 24 and 48 h, divided by cellularity: Group 1, up to five cells, and Group 2, with more than five cells. RESULTS: The yellow-greenish color of CSF remained after 48 h in 36%, evidencing permanence of fluorescein. No changes in protein and glucose levels were observed between 0-24 h and 0-48 h. In group 2, an increase in cell count was observed between 24 h and 48 h (p = 0.019). In both groups, there was an increase of neutrophils between 0 and 48 h (p = 0.048) and a decrease between 24 and 48 h (p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: Intrathecal fluorescein provoked discreet meningeal reactions, such as an increase of cells between 24 and 48 h and an increase of neutrophils at 24 h, with a subsequent decrease at 48 h with no correlation with symptomatology.

RESUMO Introdução: A fluoresceína intratecal tem sido efetiva no diagnóstico topográfico da rinoliquorréia. Entretanto, não há estudos no líquor após o uso de fluoresceína intratecal. Objetivo: Estudo prospectivo visando avaliar o líquor, através de análise química e citológica, após injeção de fluoresceína. Método: Análise prospectiva de 24 punções após injeção intratecal de fluoresceína para diagnóstico topográfico de fístula liquórica, coletado no momento da punção, 24 e 48 horas, divididos pela celularidade: grupo 1, com até 5 células e grupo 2 com mais de 5 células. Resultado: A coloração amarelo-esverdeada do líquor permaneceu após 48 horas em 36%, evidenciando permanência de fluoresceína. Observou-se ausência de mudanças no nível de proteína e glicose entre 0-24 horas e 0-48 horas. No grupo 2, um aumento na contagem celular foi observado entre 24 e 48 horas (p = 0,019). No dois grupos juntos, observou-se um aumento de neutrófilos entre 0 e 48 horas (p = 0,048) e uma diminuição entre 24 e 28 horas (p = 0,05). Conclusão: Fluoresceína intratecal provocou discretas reações meníngeas, como o aumento de células entre 24 e 48 horas e aumento dos dos neutrófilos em 24 horas com uma subsequente dimi nuição em 48 horas sem correlação com sintomas.

Chemical and cytological analysis of cerebral spinal fluid after intrathecal injection of hypodense fluorescein.

INTRODUCTION: Intrathecal fluorescein has been effective for topographic diagnosis of rhinoliquorrhea. Nonetheless, there are no reports on the study of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) after use of intrathecal fluorescein. OBJECTIVE: A prospective study attempting to evaluate CSF through chemical and cytological analysis, after injection of fluorescein. METHODS: Prospective analysis of 24 samples of CSF after intrathecal injection of fluorescein for topographic diagnosis of CSF fistulae, collected at the time of puncture and after 24 and 48h, divided by cellularity: Group 1, up to five cells, and Group 2, with more than five cells. RESULTS: The yellow-greenish color of CSF remained after 48h in 36%, evidencing permanence of fluorescein. No changes in protein and glucose levels were observed between 0-24h and 0-48h. In group 2, an increase in cell count was observed between 24h and 48h (p=0.019). In both groups, there was an increase of neutrophils between 0 and 48h (p=0.048) and a decrease between 24 and 48h (p=0.05). CONCLUSION: Intrathecal fluorescein provoked discreet meningeal reactions, such as an increase of cells between 24 and 48h and an increase of neutrophils at 24h, with a subsequent decrease at 48h with no correlation with symptomatology.

Classification of rhinoplasties performed in an otorhinolaryngology referral center in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery involves the use of surgical procedures to achieve esthetic and functional improvement. It can be used for traumatic, congenital, or developmental injuries. Medicine, with an emphasis on facial plastic surgery, has made progress in several areas, including rhinoplasty, providing good long-term results and higher patient satisfaction. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cases of rhinoplasty and its subtypes in a referral center, and to understand the relevance of teaching rhinoplasty techniques in a service of otolaryngology residency. METHODS: A retrospective study that assessed 325 rhinoplasties performed by third-year medical residents under the supervision of chief residents in charge of the Service of Facial Plastic Surgery in this hospital was conducted from January of 2003 to August of 2012. The Service Protocol included the following subtypes: functional, esthetic, post-traumatic, revision, and reconstructive rhinoseptoplasty. RESULTS: Of the rhinoplasties performed 184 (56.21%) were functional, 59 (18.15%) were post-traumatic, 27 were (8.30%) esthetic, 15 were (4.61%) reconstructive, and 40 (12.30%) were revision procedures. CONCLUSION: Functional rhinoseptoplasties were the most prevalent type, which highlights the relevance of teaching surgical techniques, not only for septoplasty, but also the inclusion of rhinoplasty techniques in teaching centers.

Classification of rhinoplasties performed in an otorhinolaryngology referral center in Brazil / Classificação das rinoplastias realizadas em um centro de referência em otorrinolaringologia no Brasil

Introduction: Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery involves the use of surgical procedures to achieve esthetic and functional improvement. It can be used for traumatic, congenital, or developmental injuries. Medicine, with an emphasis on facial plastic surgery, has made progress in several areas, including rhinoplasty, providing good long-term results and higher patient satisfaction. Objective: To evaluate cases of rhinoplasty and its subtypes in a referral center, and to understand the relevance of teaching rhinoplasty techniques in a service of otolaryngology residency. Methods: A retrospective study that assessed 325 rhinoplasties performed by third-year medical residents under the supervision of chief residents in charge of the Service of Facial Plastic Surgery in this hospital was conducted from January of 2003 to August of 2012. The Service Protocol included the following subtypes: functional, esthetic, post-traumatic, revision, and reconstructive rhinoseptoplasty. Results: Of the rhinoplasties performed 184 (56.21%) were functional, 59 (18.15%) were post-traumatic, 27 were (8.30%) esthetic, 15 were (4.61%) reconstructive, and 40 (12.30%) were revision procedures. Conclusion: Functional rhinoseptoplasties were the most prevalent type, which highlights the relevance of teaching surgical techniques, not only for septoplasty, but also the inclusion of rhinoplasty techniques in teaching centers. .

Introdução: A cirurgia estética e reconstrutora têm por objetivo a utilizacão de procedimentos cirúrgicos para alcancar melhora estética e funcional. Pode ser utilizada para lesões traumáticas, congénitas ou de desenvolvimento. A Medicina, com ênfase na plástica facial, obteve avancos nas mais diversas áreas, inclusive na rinoplastia, permitindo bons resultados a longo prazo e maior satisfacão dos pacientes. Objetivo: Avaliar a casuística do setor de rinoplastia e suas subdivisões em um centro de referência. Compreender a relevância do ensino das técnicas de rinoplastia em um servico de residência médica de otorrinolaringologia. Método: Estudo retrospectivo onde foram analisados 325 rinoplastias, realizadas por médicos residentes do terceiro ano com supervisão dos preceptores responsáveis pelo servico de Cirurgia Plástica da Face desse hospital, no período de janeiro de 2003 a agosto de 2012. O protocolo do serviço foi preenchido com enfoque nas seguintes subdivisões: rinosseptoplastia funcional, estética, pós-traumática, revisional e reconstrutora. Resultados: Das rinoplastias realizadas, 184 (56,21%) foram funcionais, 59 (18,15%) póstraumáticas, 27 (8,30%) estéticas, 15 (4,61%) reconstrutoras e 40 (12,30%) revisionais. Conclusão: As rinosseptoplastias funcionais foram as mais prevalentes, o que mostra a importância do ensino, não somente das técnicas de septoplastias, mas também, da inclusão do aprendizado de técnicas de rinoplastias em centros de ensino. .

Apoptosis in eosinophilic nasal polyps treated in vitro with mitomycin C.

UNLABELLED: The etiopathogenesis of eosinophilic nasal polyps is yet to be explained. Eosinophils are key components in the inflammatory infiltrate and are related to the perpetuation of the inflammatory process in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to evaluate the in vitro action of mitomycin upon the apoptotic index of nasal polyps. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a self-paired prospective experimental study using biopsy fragments from 15 patients with eosinophilic nasal polyps. Biopsy fragments were divided into two groups. In the case group, the fragments were treated with 400 µg/ml of mitomycin for five minutes. The control group fragments were treated with culture medium. The pair of fragments contained in the two first compartments - control and case - were immediately sent to the histopathologist. The other pair of samples containing control and case fragments was incubated for 12 hours. The fragments were then taken to the histopathologist for testing. The apoptotic index was determined by the morphometry in hematoxylin and eosin staining and DNA fragmentation analysis (TUNEL reaction). RESULTS: The comparison between the two groups showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0,001) in the apoptotic index of the 12-hour incubated cultures. CONCLUSION: Mitomycin acts in vitro upon the eosinophilic nasal polyps inducing the rise of the eosinophilic apoptotic index.

Apoptose em pólipos nasais eosinofílicos submetidos in vitro ao tratamento com mitomicina C / Apoptosis in eosinophilic nasal polyps treated in vitro with mitomycin C

A etiopatogênese da polipose nasal eosinofílica ainda não foi esclarecida. Os eosinófilos constituem as principais células do infiltrado inflamatório e estão relacionados com a perpetuação do processo inflamatório na rinossinusite crônica com pólipos nasais. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ação in vitro da mitomicina no índice apoptótico de pólipos nasais eosinofílicos. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo experimental autopareado com amostra de biópsia de 15 pacientes com polipose nasal eosinofílica. Cada fragmento foi dividido em dois grupos. No grupo experimental aplicou-se mitomicina por cinco minutos, na dosagem de 400 µg/ml. O grupo controle foi submetido às mesmas manipulações, mas utilizando-se somente meio de cultura. Os fragmentos contidos nos dois primeiros compartimentos, controle e experimento, foram imediatamente submetidas ao preparo para histopatologia. O outro par de amostra, contendo controle e experimento, foi incubado por 12 horas. Após 12 horas, os fragmentos foram retirados para exame histopatológico. O índice apoptótico foi determinado pela morfometria na coloração hematoxilina-eosina e pela análise da fragmentação do DNA. RESULTADO: A comparação do dois grupos demonstrou diferença significativa (p < 0,001) no índice apoptótico das culturas incubadas por 12 horas. CONCLUSÃO: A mitomicina induz in vitro o aumento do índice apoptótico dos eosinófilos dos pólipos nasais eosinofílicos.

The etiopathogenesis of eosinophilic nasal polyps is yet to be explained. Eosinophils are key components in the inflammatory infiltrate and are related to the perpetuation of the inflammatory process in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to evaluate the in vitro action of mitomycin upon the apoptotic index of nasal polyps. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a self-paired prospective experimental study using biopsy fragments from 15 patients with eosinophilic nasal polyps. Biopsy fragments were divided into two groups. In the case group, the fragments were treated with 400 µg/ml of mitomycin for five minutes. The control group fragments were treated with culture medium. The pair of fragments contained in the two first compartments - control and case - were immediately sent to the histopathologist. The other pair of samples containing control and case fragments was incubated for 12 hours. The fragments were then taken to the histopathologist for testing. The apoptotic index was determined by the morphometry in hematoxylin and eosin staining and DNA fragmentation analysis (TUNEL reaction). RESULTS: The comparison between the two groups showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0,001) in the apoptotic index of the 12-hour incubated cultures. CONCLUSION: Mitomycin acts in vitro upon the eosinophilic nasal polyps inducing the rise of the eosinophilic apoptotic index.

Fístula liquórica da base anterior do crânio: classificação, clínica e diagnóstico / Cerobrospinal fluid fistula of the anterior skull base: classification, clinical and diagnostic aspects

A fístula liquórica (FL) da base anterior do crânio é definida como a comunicação do espaço subaracnoideo com as vias aéreas superiores. Sua importância relaciona-se ao risco que tal abertura pode levar à infecção do sistema nervoso central.A literatura médica descreve diferentes definições e classificações dos tipos e etiologias de FL, cuja importância prática nem sempre é clara. As relações entre os diversos tipos de FL com a apresentação clínica e o prognóstico são duvidosas. Apesar dos avanços propedêuticos, os desafios na confirmação diagnóstica e topográfica das FL permanecem. A presente revisão apresenta uma análise crítica dos dados da literatura referentes aos aspectos da classificação, dos clínicos e do diagnóstico das FL.

Anterior skull base cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula is defined as the communication between the subarachnoid space and theupper air way. Its importance is due to the risk of development of central nervous system infection. The medical literature reports different definitions and classifications of CSF fistula,with unclear practical importance. The relationship among the different types of CSF fistula and their clinical presentation and prognosis are doubtful. In spite of recent technical advances, diagnostic confirmation and topographic location of CSF fistulae are still a challenge. The present review shows a critical analysis of the literature data concerning the classification, clinical and diagnostic aspects of CSF fistulae.

Cytokine profile in subjects with Cystic Fibrosis and nasal polyposis compared to patients with no nasal disorders.

UNLABELLED: Although the cytokine profile in nasal polyposis is well documented, little is known about cytokines associated to cystic fibrosis. AIM: Assess the expression of cytokines IL not4, IL not5, IL not6, IL not8, GM not-CSF and IFN not-y, analyzed through RT-PCR, in the polyps of patients with cystic fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, prospective study was carried out with 24 patients, 13 of whom had cystic fibrosis and nasal polyposis (Cystic Fibrosis Group) and 11 had normal otorhinolaryngological exams (Control Group). The average age was 21 years (3 not57); 12 participants were males and 12 were females. The cytokine profile was studied in mucosal fragments (Control Group) or nasal polyps (Cystic Fibrosis Group) through RT notPCR. Transcriptions were studied for cytokines IL not4, IL not5, IL not6, IL not8, IFN noty and GM notCSF, adjusted for the beta not-actin value. RESULTS: Interleukins 5, 6, 8 and GM notCSF were similar in both groups (p>0.05). There were lower values of IFN-y not (p=0.03) and a strong tendency toward an increase in IL not4 (p=0.06) in the Cystic Fibrosis Group. CONCLUSION: Inflammatory and structural cells may produce messenger RNA for IL not4, blocking the production of other cytokines such as IFN-y, suggesting the participation of this mechanism in the formation of polyps in cystic fibrosis.

Perfil de citocinas da polipose nasossinusal na Fibrose Cística comparado com indivíduos sem doenças nasossinusais / Cytokine profile in subjects with Cystic Fibrosis and nasal polyposis compared to patients with no nasal disorders

Embora o perfil das citocinas na polipose nasossinusal seja bem documentado, pouco se sabe sobre estas proteínas quando associadas à Fibrose Cística. Objetivos: Avaliar a expressão das citocinas IL¬4, IL¬5, IL¬6, IL¬8, GM¬C-SF e IFN--y analisada pela RT¬-PCR, nos pólipos de pacientes com Fibrose Cística. Material e método: Estudo transversal, prospectivo, de 24 pacientes, 13 com Fibrose Cística e polipose nasossinusal (Grupo Fibrose Cística) e 11 com exame otorrinolaringológico normal (Grupo Controle). A média de idade foi de 21 anos (3¬-57), 12 eram do sexo masculino e 12 do sexo feminino. O perfil das citocinas foi pesquisado nos fragmentos de mucosa (Grupo Controle) ou pólipo nasal (Grupo Fibrose Cística) através da RT-¬PCR. Foram estudadas as transcrições para as citocinas IL¬4, IL¬5, IL¬6, IL¬8, IFN¬y e GM¬-CSF ajustadas pelo valor da β¬ actina. Resultados: As interleucinas 5, 6, 8 e GM¬-CSF foram semelhantes nos dois grupos (p>0,05). Menores valores de IFNy¬ (p=0,03) e forte tendência de aumento de IL¬4 (p=0,06) foram observados no grupo Fibrose Cística. Conclusão: As células inflamatórias e estruturais podem produzir RNA mensageiro para IL¬4, bloqueando a produção de outras citocinas com IFN-y¬, sugerindo a participação destes mecanismos na formação dos pólipos da Fibrose Cística.

Although the cytokine profile in nasal polyposis is well documented, little is known about cytokines associated to cystic fibrosis. AIM: Assess the expression of cytokines IL¬4, IL¬5, IL¬6, IL¬8, GM¬-CSF and IFN¬-y, analyzed through RT-PCR, in the polyps of patients with cystic fibrosis. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional, prospective study was carried out with 24 patients, 13 of whom had cystic fibrosis and nasal polyposis (Cystic Fibrosis Group) and 11 had normal otorhinolaryngological exams (Control Group). The average age was 21 years (3¬57); 12 participants were males and 12 were females. The cytokine profile was studied in mucosal fragments (Control Group) or nasal polyps (Cystic Fibrosis Group) through RT¬PCR. Transcriptions were studied for cytokines IL¬4, IL¬5, IL¬6, IL¬8, IFN¬y and GM¬CSF, adjusted for the β¬-actin value. Results: Interleukins 5, 6, 8 and GM¬CSF were similar in both groups (p>0.05). There were lower values of IFN-y¬ (p=0.03) and a strong tendency toward an increase in IL¬4 (p=0.06) in the Cystic Fibrosis Group. Conclusion: Inflammatory and structural cells may produce messenger RNA for IL¬4, blocking the production of other cytokines such as IFN-y, suggesting the participation of this mechanism in the formation of polyps in cystic fibrosis.

Rinosporidiose nasal: diagnóstico diferencial de sinusite fúngica e papiloma invertido / Nasal rhinosporidiosis: differential diagnosis of fungal sinusitis and inverted papilloma

Introdução: Descrição de caso clínico de rinosporidiose, doença granulomatosa crônica e rara, causada pelo Rhinosporidium seeberi. Objetivo: Incluir esta doença nos diagnósticos diferenciais de lesões polipoides das fossas nasais. Relato do Caso: Paciente do sexo masculino, proveniente do norte do Brasil, evoluiu por 3 anos, com lesão polipoide papilomatosa, da fossa nasal esquerda. Realizada sinusectomia com remoção de toda lesão, centrada em bula etmoidal e processo uncinado. Diagnóstico diferencial foi de papiloma invertido ou sinusite fúngica. O exame histopatológico revelou acentuada infestação por numerosas estruturas fúngicas com formas de esporângios repletas de esporangiósporos. Os microorganismos eram positivos para as colorações de Grocott, PAS e Mucicarmim; ao contrário do Coccidiodes immitis, que não se contrasta pelo mucicarmim. Não se optou por tratamento complementar e após 1 ano de seguimento não existem sinais de recidiva. Comentários Finais: A rinosporidiose deve ser considerada como diagnóstico diferencial das lesões polipoides nasais. No diagnóstico das lesões intranasais deve-se sempre considerar a procedência do paciente. É obrigatório o estudo anátomo-patológico para definir o diagnóstico. Na rinosporidiose, a exérese cirúrgica pode ser curativa.

Introduction: Clinical case report of rhinosporidiosis, a rare and chronic granulomatous disease, caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi. Objective: To include this disease in the differential diagnoses of polypoid lesions of the nasal mass. Report: A male patient from the North of Brazil evolved a three-year papilomatous polypoid lesion of the left nasal cavity. He was submitted to sinusectomy with resection of the entire lesion, located in ethmoid bulla and uncinated process. Inverted papilloma or fungal sinusitis were differential diagnoses. The histopathological examination revealed a strong infestation by numerous fungal structures with sporangia shape full of sporangiospores. The microorganisms were positive for colorations of Grocott, PAS and Mayer's Mucicarmin; opposite from Coccidioides immitis, which presents no contrast by the mucicarmin. We didn't choose complimentary treatment and after one year of follow-up he presents with no sign of recurrence. Final Comments: Rhinosporidiosis must be considered to be a nasal polypoid lesion differential diagnosis. In the intranasal lesions diagnosis we should keep in mind the patient's origin. The anatomopathological study is mandatory to set the diagnosis. In the rhinosporidiosis, the surgical exeresis can be a curative treatment.

Absence of nasal air flow and maxillary sinus development.

UNLABELLED: Paranasal sinuses development mechanisms are not well known. Nasal air flow, according to one of the proposed theories, would be fundamental to the growth and healthy development of paranasal sinuses. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the maxillary sinus growth and health in the presence and absence of postnasal air flow through a unique model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of a series of cases; preoperative CT scans of 7 patients with unilateral choanal atresia, average age was 16.28 years (+/- 5.024). This study was done in a tertiary hospital, with patients treated between 1994 and 2004. The area of the maxillary sinuses was measured with the aid an Auto-Cad software. Kruskal-Wallis test was used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Symmetrical or even bigger maxillary sinuses were found in the same side of the choanal atresia in 85.71% of the cases. There was no significant statistic difference between compared sides. CT Scan signs of sinus disease were not seem in these patients. DISCUSSION: These findings oppose the commonly accepted theory about the role of nasal air flow in health and development of paranasal cavities.